Dr Richard Armstrong

Lecturer

Lecturer on the Undergraduate Optometry Programme

School of Life & Health Sciences
Aston University
Birmingham
B4 7ET
UK

email: [email protected]
tel: +44 (0) 121 204 4102
fax: +44 (0) 121 333 4220

Research Group

Ophthalmic Research Group

Research Centre

Centre for Vision and Hearing Research (CVHR)

Aston Brain Centre

1968 - 71 King's College, London ; July 1971 First Class Honours (Botany)
1971 - 74 Botany School and St. Catherine's College, Oxford; July 1974 D.Phil in Plant Ecology (NERC funded); Supervisors: Prof. F R Whatley, FRS; Sir D C Smith, FRS.
1974 - 76 Botany School and St. Catherine's College, Oxford; NERC Research Fellow in Plant Ecology.
1976 - 87 Biological Sciences, Aston University; Lecturer in plant ecology.
1987 - 88 Institute of Psychiatry, University of London; Retraining in Neurosciences.
1988 Neuropathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA ; research sabbatical.
1989 – to date Vision Sciences, Aston University; Lecturer in Neurosciences.

1st Year: Biomedical Sciences (module leader)

Human Biology

2nd Year: Visual Biology

Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease; Lichen Biology and Ecology.

Recent publications

Armstrong, RA 2018, 'The quantitative analysis of neurodegenerative disease: Classification, noda, constellations, and multivariate geometry' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 1-13. DOI:10.5114/fn.2018.74654
Armstrong, RA 2018, 'A comparison of visual problems in the parkinsonian syndromes' Internal Medicine Review, vol. 4, no. 3. DOI:10.18103/imr.v4i3.679
Armstrong, RA 2018, 'Visual problems associated with traumatic brain injury: Vision with traumatic brain injury' Clinical and Experimental Optometry. DOI:10.1111/cxo.12670
Zeri, F, Pitzalis, S, Di Vizio, A, Ruffinatto, T, Egizi, F, Di Russo, F, Armstrong, R & Naroo, SA 2018, 'Refractive error and vision correction in a general sports-playing population' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 225-236. DOI:10.1111/cxo.12626
Armstrong, RA 2017,Adaptation of lichens to extreme conditions. inPlant Adaptation Strategies in Changing Environment.Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 1-27. DOI:10.1007/978-981-10-6744-0_1
Armstrong, RA 2017, 'Neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in tau, TDP-43, and FUS molecular subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration share similar spatial patterns' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 185-192. DOI:10.5114/fn.2017.70482
Armstrong, RA 2017, 'Recommendations for analysis of repeated-measures designs: testing and correcting for sphericity and use of manova and mixed model analysis' Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 585-593. DOI:10.1111/opo.12399
Armstrong, RA 2017,The nervous system: a starter pack for beginners. in V Preedy (ed.),The neuroscience of cocaine: mechanisms and treatment.Elsevier, London (UK), pp. 3-10.
Armstrong, RA 2017, 'A study of fragmentation rates in lichen populations on rock surfaces using the Kaplan-Meir estimator and Cox regression' Annales Botanici Fennici, vol. 54, no. 1-3, pp. 169-178. DOI:10.5735/085.054.0326
Armstrong, RA 2017, 'White matter pathology in sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy' Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 66-72. DOI:10.5414/NP300991
Armstrong, RA 2017, 'Laminar degeneration of frontal and temporal cortex in Parkinson disease dementia' Neurological Sciences, vol. In press. DOI:10.1007/s10072-017-2828-6
Armstrong, RA, McKee, AC, Alvarez, VE & Cairns, NJ 2017, 'Clustering of tau-immunoreactive pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 185-192. DOI:10.1007/s00702-016-1635-1
Armstrong, RA 2017, 'Evidence from spatial pattern analysis for the anatomical spread of a-synuclein pathology in Parkinson' s disease dementia' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 23-30. DOI:10.5114/fn.2017.66710
Armstrong, RA, McKee, AC & Cairns, NJ 2017, 'Pathology of the superior colliculus in chronic traumatic encephalopathy' Optometry and Vision Science, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 33-42. DOI:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000911
Armstrong, RA 2017,Visual dysfunction in Parkinson' s disease. in KP Bhatia, KR Chaudhuri & M Stamelou (eds),Parkinson' s disease.International Review of Neurobiology, vol. 132, Academic Press. DOI:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.04.007
Armstrong, RA 2016, 'Visual signs and symptoms of corticobasal degeneration' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. Early view. DOI:10.1111/cxo.12429
Rushton, RM, Armstrong, RA & Dunne, MCM 2016, 'The influence on unaided vision of age, pupil diameter and spherocylindrical refractive error' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 328-335. DOI:10.1111/cxo.12344
Armstrong, RA 2016, 'Lichenometric dating (lichenometry) and the biology of the lichen genus rhizocarpon: challenges and future directions' Geografiska Annaler: Series A, vol. Early view. DOI:10.1111/geoa.12130
Armstrong, RA, McKee, AC, Stein, TD, Alvarez, VE & Cairns, NJ 2016, 'A quantitative study of tau pathology in eleven cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy' Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. Early view. DOI:10.1111/nan.12323
Armstrong, RA 2016, 'Survival in the pre-senile dementia frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy: effects of genetic, demographic and neuropathological variables' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 137-148. DOI:10.5114/fn.2016.60391
Armstrong, RA 2016, 'Can neurodegenerative disease be defined by four ' primary determinants' : anatomy, cells, molecules, and morphology?' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 89-104. DOI:10.5114/fn.2016.60438
Armstrong, R 2016, 'Eye-related photophobia' , pp. 66-70,Optometry Today, 2016.
Armstrong, RA 2016,Structure and function of the entorhinal cortex with special reference to neurodegenerative disease. in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neurological research.Horizons in Neuroscience Research, vol. 24, Nova science, Hauppage, NJ (US), pp. 59-82.
Armstrong, RA 2016,Spatial patterns of phosphorylated TDP-43-immunoreactive cellular inclusions in familial and sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy. in A Costa & EV (eds),Horizons in neurological research.vol. 25, Horizons in Neurological Research, vol. 25, Nova science, Hauppage, NJ (US), pp. 59-82.
Armstrong, RA 2015, 'Oculo-visual dysfunction in Parkinson' s disease' Journal of Parkinson' s Disease, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 715-726. DOI:10.3233/JPD-150686
Armstrong, RA 2015,Oligodendrocyte pathology in neurodegenerative disease. in D Swanson (ed.),Oligodendrocytes: biology, function and role in the pathology of disease.Neuroscience research progress, Nova science, Hauppauge, NY (US), pp. 1-22. DOI:10.1002/9781634833615.ch1
Armstrong, R & Kergoat, H 2015, 'Oculo-visual changes and clinical considerations affecting older patients with dementia' Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 352-376. DOI:10.1111/opo.12220
Armstrong, RA & Bradwell, T 2015, '' Growth rings' in crustose lichens: comparison with directly measured growth rates and implications for lichenometry' Quaternary Geochronology, vol. 28, pp. 88-95. DOI:10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.003
Armstrong, R & Hilton, A 2015, 'Statnote 40: Cochran' s Q test' , pp. 31-33,Microbiologist, 16 1 Society for Applied Microbiology, 01 March.
Armstrong, RA 2015, 'Quantitative pathological changes in the cerebellum of multiple system atrophy' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 193-202. DOI:10.5114/fn.2015.54420
Armstrong, RA 2015, 'Laminar distribution of ß-amyloid (Aß) peptide deposits in the frontal lobe in familial and sporadic Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 15-23. DOI:10.5114/fn.2015.49970
Armstrong, RA 2015,Spatial patterns of neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the tauopathies: A comparative study of five disorders. in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in nuroscience research.Horizons in Neuroscience Research, vol. 23, Nova science, Hauppauge, New York, pp. 115-132.
Armstrong, RA 2015,Quantification of white matter abnormalities in neurodegenerative disease. in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neuroscience research.Horizons in Neuroscience Research, vol. 23, Nova science, Hauppauge, New York, pp. 93-114.
Armstrong, RA 2015,Pathology of the dentate gyrus in neurodegenerative disease. in Z Lowes (ed.),Dentate gyrus: structure, role in disease, and potential health implications.Neuroscience Research Progress, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 47-68.
Armstrong, RA 2015, 'A comparison of spatial patterns of TDP-43 cellular inclusions in familial and sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy' International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, vol. 21, no. 1.
Armstrong, RA 2015, 'Neuropathology of the sporadic and variant subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a comparative quantitative study' International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, vol. 21, no. 1.
Armstrong, RA & Mousavi, M 2015,Overview of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). in M Carter (ed.),Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence, risk factors and clinical management.Eye and vision research developments, Nova science, pp. 1-36.
Armstrong, RA & Mousavi, M 2015, 'Overview of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)' Journal of Stem Cells, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 171-191.
Armstrong, RA & Mousavi, M 2015,Overview of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. in M Carter (ed.),Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence, risk factors and clinical management.Eye and vision research developments, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 1-36.
Armstrong, RA 2015,Comparative quantitative neuropathology of the sporadic and variant subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neuroscience research.vol. 18, Horizons in neuroscience research, vol. 18, Nova science, Hauppauge, NY (US), pp. 59-78.
Armstrong, RA 2015,An overview of eye-related photophobias. in LV Berhardt (ed.),Advances in medicine and biology.Nova science, pp. 69-88.
Armstrong, RA 2015,Corticobasal degeneration and dementia. in CR Martin & VR Preedy (eds),Diet and nutrition in dementia and cognitive decline.Elsevier, London (UK), pp. 35-43. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-407824-6.00004-5
Armstrong, RA 2015,Lichen growth and lichenometry. in DK Upreti, PK Divakar, V Shukla & R Bajpal (eds),Recent advances in lichenology: modern methods and approaches in biomonitoring and bioprospection.vol. 1, Springer, New Delhi (IN), pp. 213-227. DOI:10.1007/978-81-322-2181-4_10
Armstrong, RA 2015,The influence of environmental factors on the growth of lichens in the field. in DK Upreti, PK Divakar, V Shukla & R Bajpal (eds),Recent advances in lichenology: modern methods and approaches in biomonitoring and bioprospection.vol. 1, Springer, New Delhi (IN), pp. 1-18. DOI:10.1007/978-81-322-2181-4_1
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2015, 'Comparative quantitative study of ‘signature’ pathological lesions in the hippocampus and adjacent gyri of 12 neurodegenerative disorders' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 122, no. 10, pp. 1355-1367. DOI:10.1007/s00702-015-1412-6
Armstrong, RA 2015,The human hippocampus: structure, function and its significance in neuropsychology and disease. in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neuroscience research.Horizons in neuroscience research, vol. 17, Nova science, Hauppauge, NY (US), pp. 43-64.
Armstrong, RA 2015,The use of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon in lichenometric dating with special reference to Holocene glacial events. in JA Daniels (ed.),Advances in environmental research.Advances in environmental research, vol. 39, Nova science, Hauppauge, NY (US), pp. 23-50.
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'Variations in dentate gyrus pathology in neurodegenerative disease' International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, vol. 20, no. 3.
Armstrong, R & Cubbidge, R 2014,The eye and vision: an overview. in V Preedy (ed.),Handbook of nutrition, diet, and the eye.Academic Press, pp. 3-10. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-401717-7.00001-0
Armstrong, R 2014,Cognitive systems associated with the hippocampus of the human brain and their role in behaviour and neurodegenerative disease. in EP Rosenfield (ed.),New developments in cognitive systems research.Psychology research progress, Nova science, Happauge, NY, pp. 23-46.
Armstrong, RA 2014,The influence of environment on foliose lichen growth and its biological significance. in LT Cacioppo (ed.),Environmental and agricultural researcher biographical sketches and research summaries.vol. 1, Environmental research advances, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US).
Armstrong, R 2014, 'What risk factors are associated with Alzheimer' s disease?' International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 125-143.
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'The human hippocampus and its significance in neuropsychology and disease' International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, vol. 20, no. 4.
Armstrong, R 2014,Risk factors for Alzheimer' s disease. in P Turner (ed.),Dementia: prevalence, risk factors and management strategies. Neurology - laboratory and clinical research developments, Nova science, pp. 115-138.
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'Cortical degeneration in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy caused by progranulin gene mutation' International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 124, no. 12, pp. 894-903. DOI:10.3109/00207454.2014.890620
Hilton, A & Armstrong, R 2014, 'Statnote 39: The binomial distribution: comparing two proportions' , pp. 30-33,Microbiologist, 15 4 Society for Applied Microbiology.
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'Visual signs and symptoms of multiple system atrophy' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 97, no. 6, pp. 483-491. DOI:10.1111/cxo.12206
Armstrong, RA 2014, ' Visual signs and symptoms of multiple system atrophy ' Clinical and experimental optometry , vol 97, no. 6, pp. 483-491., 10.1111/cxo.12206
Armstrong, R 2014, 'StatNote 38 : The sign test' , pp. 33-35,Microbiologist, 15 30 September.
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'When to use the Bonferroni correction' Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 502-508. DOI:10.1111/opo.12131
Armstrong, RA 2014,Dementia with Lewy bodies. in CR Martin & VR Preedy (eds),Diet and nutrition in dementia and cognitive decline.Academic Press, London (UK), pp. 91-99. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-407824-6.00009-4
Armstrong, R 2014,Polyols in the crustose lichen rhizocarpon geographicum. in LT Cacioppo (ed.),Environmental and agricultural research summaries.vol. 8, Environmental research advances, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 127-128.
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'Within-site variation in lichen growth rates and its implications for direct lichenometry' Geografiska Annaler: Series A, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 217-226. DOI:10.1111/geoa.12043
Hilton, A & Armstrong, R 2014, 'Statnote 37 : the negative binomial distribution' , pp. 37-39,Microbiologist, 15.
Robaszkiewicz, A, Bartosz, G, Pitt, AR, Thakker, A, Armstrong, RA, Spickett, CM & Soszynski, M 2014, 'HOCl-modified phosphatidylcholines induce apoptosis and redox imbalance in HUVEC-ST cells' Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 548, pp. 1-10. DOI:10.1016/j.abb.2014.02.013
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'A critical analysis of the ' amyloid cascade hypothesis' ' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 211-225. DOI:10.5114/fn.2014.45562
Hilton, A & Armstrong, R 2014, 'Statnote 36: Do the data fit the Poisson distribution' , pp. 28-30,Microbiologist, 15.
Armstrong, RA, Kotzbauer, PT, Perlmutter, JS, Campbell, MC, Hurth, KM, Schmidt, RE & Cairns, NJ 2014, 'A quantitative study of a-synuclein pathology in fifteen cases of dementia associated with Parkinson disease' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 171-181. DOI:10.1007/s00702-013-1084-z
Armstrong, RA 2014, 'Factors determining disease duration in Alzheimer' s disease: a postmortem study of 103 cases using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox regression' BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, 623487. DOI:10.1155/2014/623487
Hilton, A & Armstrong, R 2013, 'Statnote 35: are the data log-normal?' , pp. 26-28,Microbiologist, 14.
Armstrong, R & Mousavi, M 2013, 'Genetic risk factors and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)' Journal of Optometry, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 176-184. DOI:10.1016/j.optom.2013.07.002
Armstrong, R 2013,Eye movement problems and differential diagnosis of the parkinsonian syndromes. in LC Stewart (ed.),Eye movement: developmental perspectives, dysfunctions and disorders in humans.Nova science, pp. 73-92.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, R 2013, 'Statnote 34 : the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test' , pp. 28-30,Microbiologist, 14.
Dunstone, D, Armstrong, R & Dunne, M 2013, 'Survey of habits and attitudes to retinoscopy by optometrists in the UK' Optometry in Practice, vol. 14, no. 2, C-31828, pp. 45-54.
Armstrong, R 2013,Visual hallucinations in the Parkinsonian syndromes. in S Alvarez (ed.),Hallucinations: causes, management and prognosis.Psychiatry - Theory, Applications and Treatments, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 27-48.
Armstrong, R 2013, 'Fungal infection of the eye (ocular mycosis)' , pp. 9-13,Microbiologist, 14.
Armstrong, RA, Hamilton, RL, Mackenzie, IRA, Hedreen, J & Cairns, NJ 2013, 'Laminar distribution of the pathological changes in sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration with transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein of 43kDa (TDP-43) proteinopathy: a quantitative study using polynomial curve fitting' Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 335-347. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01291.x
Hilton, A & Armstrong, R 2013, 'Statnote 33: the intra-class correlation coefficient' , pp. 31-32,Microbiologist, 14.
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'Development of areolae and growth of the peripheral prothallus in the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum: an image analysis study' Symbiosis, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 7-15. DOI:10.1007/s13199-013-0234-2
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'A quantitative study of abnormally enlarged neurons in cognitively normal brain and neurodegenerative disease' Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 128-133. DOI:10.5414/NP300516
Armstrong, R & Hilton, A 2013, 'Statnote 32 : the partial correlation coefficient' , pp. 28-30,Microbiologist.
Armstrong, R 2013, 'Associations between glia, neurons and prion protein (PrP^sc) deposits in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)' International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, vol. 18, no. 9-10, pp. 645-658.
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'Statistical guidelines for the analysis of data obtained from one or both eyes' Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 7-14. DOI:10.1111/opo.12009
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2013, 'Spatial patterns of the tau pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy' Neurological Sciences, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 337-344. DOI:10.1007/s10072-012-1006-0
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'Spatial relationships between diffuse prion protein deposits and neuronal perikarya in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 18-25. DOI:10.5114/fn.2013.34192
Armstrong, R 2013,The influence of environment on foliose lichen growth and its ecological significance. in JA Daniels (ed.),Advances in environmental research.Advances in Environmental Research, no. 29, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 145-162.
Armstrong, R 2013,Glia and the pathology of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). in C Kaur & L Ang (eds),Glial cells: embryonic development, types/function and role in disease.Nova science, pp. 89-106.
Armstrong, RA 2013,Richard A. Armstrong. in AA Chernyovskaya & GF Klossovsky (eds),Neuroscience researcher biographical sketches and research summaries.Neuroscience research progress, Nova science, pp. 7-9.
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'Polyols in the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum' Environmental Research Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-10.
Armstrong, R 2013,Neuropathology of Basal Ganglia and its role in the Parkinsonian syndromes with special reference to the Globus pallidus. in CR Gordon & TG Abbadelli (eds),Globus pallidus: regional anatomy, function, dysfunction and role in behavioral disorders.Neuroscience research progress, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 93-118.
Armstrong, R 2013, 'Spatial patterns of phosphorylation-dependent TDP-43-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP)' Journal of Molecular BIochemistry, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 142-149.
Armstrong, R 2013,Concentration of mannitol and other soluble carbohydrates in the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum. in P Fubini (ed.),Mannitol: chemistry, uses and potential side effects.Pharmacology - research, safety testing and regulation: biotechnology in agriculture, industry and medicine, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US).
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'What causes alzheimer' s disease?' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 169-188. DOI:10.5114/fn.2013.37702
Armstrong, RA 2013,A quantitative study of the pathological changes in the cortical white matter in variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD). in AA Chernyovskaya & GF Klossovsky (eds),Neuroscience researcher biographical sketches and research summaries.Neuroscience research progress, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 281-282.
Armstrong, RA 2013, 'White matter pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): a quantitative study of 8 cases' Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 399-405. DOI:10.5414/NP300608
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2012, 'Different molecular pathologies result in similar spatial patterns of cellular inclusions in neurodegenerative disease: a comparative study of eight disorders' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 119, no. 12, pp. 1551-1560. DOI:10.1007/s00702-012-0838-3
Armstrong, R & Hilton, A 2012, 'Statnote 31: analysis of covariance' , pp. 38-39,Microbiologist, 13.
Armstrong, RA 2012, 'Visual signs and symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 621-630. DOI:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00770.x
Armstrong, R 2012,The neuropathology of the occipital cortex and its significance in the visual problems of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD). in E Almeirao & T Honrado (eds),Neuropathology: new research.Neuroscience Research Progress; Neurology - Laboratory and Clinical Research Developments, Nova science, pp. 147-168.
Armstrong, RA 2012,Quantitative neuropathology: data collection and statistical analysis. in E Almeirao & T Nonrado (eds),Neuropathology: new research.Neuroscience Research Progress; Neurology - Laboratory and Clinical Research Developments, Nova science, pp. 93-112.
Armstrong, RA 2012, ' The neuropathology of the occipital cortex and its significance in the visual problems of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) '. in E Almeirão & T Honrado (eds), Neuropathology: new research. Neuroscience Research Progress; Neurology - Laboratory and Clinical Research Developments, Nova science, pp. 147-168.
Armstrong, R & Hilton, A 2012, 'Statnote 30 : The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA): fixed effects model' , pp. 32-35,Microbiologist, 13.
Armstrong, RA 2012, 'ß-amyloid (Aß) deposition in cognitively normal brain, dementia with Lewy bodies, and Alzheimer' s disease: a study using principal components analysis' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 130-139.
Armstrong, R & Hilton, A 2012, 'Statnote 29: discriminant analysis' , pp. 36-38,Microbiologist, 13.
Armstrong, R & Mousavi, M 2012, 'Ocular mycoses: infections of the eye caused by fungi' Optometry Today, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 48-53.
Armstrong, R 2012,TDP-43-Immunoreactive pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP) with and without associated motor neuron disease. in I Fedotova & V lyukhin (eds),Motor neuron diseases: causes, classification and treatments.Neurology-laboratory and clinical research developments, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 137-156.
Armstrong, R 2012,Density and spatial pattern of the neuropathological changes in the cerebellum in the prion disease variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neuroscience research.vol. 6, Nova science, Hauppage, pp. 203-220.
Armstrong, R 2012,The visual cortex in Alzheimer disease: laminar distribution of the pathological changes in visual areas V1 and V2. in J Harris & J Scott (eds),Visual cortex: anatomy, functions and injuries.Neuroscience research progress, Nova science, Hauppage, NY (US), pp. 99-128.
Armstrong, R 2012,R.A. Armstrong. in H-Z Wang & M Tian (eds),Proteins researcher biographical sketches and research summaries.Protein science and engineering : protein biochemistry, synthesis, structure and cellular functions, Nova science, pp. 7-9.
Armstrong, R 2012, 'Statnote 28: Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA)' , pp. 39-41,Microbiologist, 13.
Armstrong, RA 2012,The biology of the lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum: symbionts, growth, ecology, and lichenometry. in LV Berhardt (ed.),Advances in Medicine and Biology.vol. 24, Advances in Medicine and Biology, Nova science, pp. 227-245.
Armstrong, RA, Carter, D & Cairns, NJ 2012, 'A quantitative study of the neuropathology of 32 sporadic and familial cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP)' Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 25-38. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01188.x
Armstrong, RA 2012,TDP-43-immunoreactive pathology in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP) with and without associated motor neuron disease (MND). in BJ Turner & JB Atkin (eds),Motor neuron diseases: causes, classification and treatments.Neurology - Laboratory and clinical research developments, Nova science, pp. 137-156.
Armstrong, RA 2012, 'The visual cortex in alzheimer' s disease: laminar distribution of the pathological changes in visual areas V1 and V2' . in JM Harris & J Scott (eds),Visual cortex: anatomy, functions and injuries.Nova science, pp. 99-128.
Armstrong, R 2012,Temporal lobe pathology in neurodegenerative disease: a comparative study of eight disorders with special reference to the hippocampus. in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neuroscience research.vol. 7, Nova science, Happauge, pp. 95-118.
Armstrong, RA 2012, 'Size frequency distributions of ß-amyloid (Aß) deposits: a comparative study of four neurodegenerative disorders' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 240-249. DOI:10.5114/fn.2012.30524
Armstrong, RA 2012, 'On the ' classification' of neurodegenerative disorders: discrete entities, overlap or continuum?' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 201-218. DOI:10.5114/fn.2012.30521
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Statnote 27: Principal components analysis (PCA)' , pp. 37-39,Microbiologist, 12.
Armstrong, RA, Gearing, M, Bigio, EH, Cruz-Sanchez, FF, Duyckaerts, C, Mackenzie, IRA, Perry, RH, Skullerud, K, Yokoo, H & Cairns, NJ 2011, 'Spatial patterns of FUS-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID)' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 118, no. 11, pp. 1651-1657. DOI:10.1007/s00702-011-0690-x
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Visual aspects of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' Optometry Today, vol. 51, no. 20, pp. 45-49.
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Spatial patterns of ß-amyloid (Aß) deposits in familial and sporadic Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 153-161.
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Classification of bacterial strains based on DNA profiles' , pp. 37-38,Microbiologist, 2011.
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'The biology of the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum' Symbiosis, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 53-67. DOI:10.1007/s13199-011-0147-x
Qin, L, Bartlett, HE , Griffiths, HR , Eperjesi, F , Armstrong, RA & Gherghel, D 2011, 'Macular pigment optical density is related to blood glutathione levels in healthy individuals' Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 5029-5033. DOI:10.1167/iovs.11-7240
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Non-normally distributed data and non-parametric statistics' Optometry Today, vol. 51, no. 16, pp. 26.
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2011, 'Spatial patterns of TDP-43 neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in fifteen cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP)' Neurological Sciences, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 653-659. DOI:10.1007/s10072-011-0639-8
Armstrong, RA 2011,Pathological changes in the sporadic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) are spatially related to blood vessels. in CM Brandon (ed.),Brain research developments.Nova science.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Statnote 25: Stepwise multiple regression' , pp. 40-43,Microbiologist, 12.
Armstrong, R 2011,DNA Mutation of the progranulin (GRN) gene in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD): a study of the pathology of nine cases. in RP Leitner (ed.),DNA replication and mutation.DNA and Rna: Properties and Modifications, Functions and Interactions, Recombination and Applications, Nova science, New York (US), pp. 45-66.
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Visual signs and symptoms of Multiple System Atrophy' Optometry Today, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 50-54.
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'General features of Multiple System Atrophy' Optometry Today, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 40-43.
Armstrong, RA2011, 'The spatial patterns of beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease'. in MR Boyd (ed.),Alzheimer's disease: Diagnosis and Treatment.Neurology - Laboratory and Clinical Research Developments, Aging Issues, Health and Financial Alternatives, Nova science, pp. 71-82.
Armstrong, RA 2011,The neuropathology of the occipital cortex and its significance in the visual problems of patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). in A Costa & E Villalba (eds),Horizons in neuroscience research.Horizons in Neuroscience Research, vol. 3, Nova science, pp. 101-119.
Armstrong, RA 2011,The spatial patterns of ß-amyloid (Aß) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer' s disease. in MR Boyd (ed.),Alzheimer' s disease diagnosis and treatments.Neurology - Laboratory and Clinical Research Developments, Nova science, pp. 71-82.
Armstrong, RA , Davies, LN , Dunne, MCM & Gilmartin, B 2011, 'Statistical guidelines for clinical studies of human vision' Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 123-136. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00815.x
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Visual signs and symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 150-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00504.x
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Statnote 24: Multiple regression' , pp. 40-43,Microbiologist, 12.
Armstrong, RA, Gearing, M, Bigio, EH, Cruz-Sanchez, FF, Duyckaerts, C, Mackenzie, IRA, Perry, RH, Skullerud, K, Yokoo, H & Cairns, NJ 2011, 'The spectrum and severity of FUS-immunoreactive inclusions in the frontal and temporal lobes of ten cases of neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease' Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 219-228. DOI:10.1007/s00401-010-0753-3
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2011, 'A morphometric study of the spatial patterns of TDP-43 immunoreactive neuronal inclusions in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) with progranulin (GRN) mutation' Histology and Histopathology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 185-190.
Armstrong, RA & Bradwell, T 2011, 'Growth of foliose lichens: a review' Symbiosis, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1-16. DOI:10.1007/s13199-011-0108-4
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Visual symptoms in Parkinson' s disease' Parkinson' s Disease, vol. 2011, 908306, pp. 9 pages. DOI:10.4061/2011/908306
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'The pathogenesis of Alzheimer' s disease: a reevaluation of the "amyloid cascade hypothesis"' International Journal of Alzheimer' s Disease, vol. 2011, 630865. DOI:10.4061/2011/630865
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Laminar distribution of the pathological changes in sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' Pathology Research International, vol. 2011, pp. 1-7. DOI:10.4061/2011/236346
Armstrong, RA 2011, 'Density and spatial pattern of ß-amyloid (Aß) deposits in corticobasal degeneration' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 14-20.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Statnote 23: Non-parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA)' , pp. 46-47,Microbiologist, 11.
Armstrong, RA & Hilton, A 2010,Statistical analysis in microbiology: statnotes. Wiley.
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'A quantitative study of the pathological changes in the cortical white matter in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).' Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 390-396.
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Lobe formation and division in the foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia conspersa' Symbiosis, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 227-232. DOI:10.1007/s13199-010-0075-1
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Statnote 22: Measuring ' agreement' ' , pp. 40-41,Microbiologist, 11.
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Visual signs and symptoms of Parkinson' s disease' Optometry Today.
Prajapati, B , Dunne, MCM & Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Sample size estimation and statistical power analyses' Optometry Today, vol. 2010, no. July.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Statnote 21: non-linear regression: fitting a logistic growth curve' , pp. 42-43,Microbiologist, 2010.
Armstrong, RA 2010,The spatial patterns of the tau immunopositive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) in the tauopathies. in B Figueredo & F Meléndez (eds),Neuroscience Research Advances.Neuroscience Research Progress, Nova science, pp. 175-189.
Armstrong, RA & Bradwell, T 2010, 'Growth of crustose lichens: a review' Geografiska Annaler: Series A, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 3-17. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00374.x
Armstrong, RA & Eperjesi, F 2010, 'Data methods in optometry. Part 10: non-linear regression analysis' Optometry Today, vol. 2010, no. March, pp. 41-45.
Armstrong, RA & Bradwell, T 2010, 'The use of lichen growth rings in lichenometry: some preliminary findings' Geografiska Annaler: Series A, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 141-147. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00383.x
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Dispersion of prion protein deposits around blood vessels in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 150-158.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Statnote 20: non-linear regression: fitting a general polynomial curve' , pp. 40-42,Microbiologist, 2010.
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'A spatial pattern analysis of ß-amyloid (Aß) deposition in the temporal lobe in Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 67-74.
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2010, 'Analysis of ß-amyloid (Aß) deposition in the temporal lobe in Alzheimer' s disease using Fourier (spectral) analysis' Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 248-257. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01071.x
Smith, SN, Khan, JA, Armstrong, RA, Mohindru, B, Prince, M & Whipps, JM 2010, 'Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoite binding of representative fungal single cell forms' Acta Protozoologica, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 289-300.
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'A spatial pattern analysis of beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition in the temporal lobe in Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 67-74.
Armstrong, RA 2010, 'Quantitative methods in neuropathology' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 217-230.
Armstrong, RA 2009, 'The molecular biology of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 289-99.
Armstrong, RA, Ellis, W, Hamilton, RL, Mackenzie, IRA, Hedreen, J, Gearing, M, Montine, T, Vonsattel, J-P, Head, E, Lieberman, AP & Cairns, NJ 2009, 'Neuropathological heterogeneity in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 proteinopathy: a quantitative study of 94 cases using principal components analysis' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 227-239. DOI:10.1007/s00702-009-0350-6
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2009, 'Size frequency distribution of the ß-amyloid (aß) deposits in dementia with Lewy bodies with associated Alzheimer’s disease pathology' Neurological Sciences, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 471-477. DOI:10.1007/s10072-009-0135-6
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Statnote 19: non-linear regression: fitting an exponential curve to data' , pp. 44-45,Microbiologist, 2009.
Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Spatial correlations between the vacuolation, prion protein (PrPsc) deposits and the cerebral blood vessels in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' Current Neurovascular Research, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 239-245.
Armstrong, RA & Smith, SN 2009, 'Carbohydrates in the hypothallus and areolae of the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC' Symbiosis, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 95-100. DOI:10.1007/s13199-009-0016-z
Hurrell, E, Kucerova, E, Loughlin, M, Caubilla-Barron, J, Hilton, AC , Armstrong, RA, Smith, C, Grant, J, Shoo, S & Forsythe, S 2009, 'Neonatal enteral feeding tubes as loci for colonisation by members of the Enterobacteriaceae' BMC Infectious Diseases, vol. 9, no. 146, 1471. DOI:10.1186/1471-2334-9-146
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Statnote 18: comparison of regression lines' , pp. 40-41,Microbiologist, 2009.
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2009, 'Laminar distribution of the pathological changes in frontal and temporal cortex in 8 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy' Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 350-357.
Armstrong, RA & Cairns, NJ 2009, 'Clustering and spatial correlations of the neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, astrocytic plaques and ballooned neurons in corticobasal degeneration' Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 116, no. 9, pp. 1103-1110.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Statnote 17: using a regression line for prediction and calibration' , pp. 36-37,Microbiologist, 2009.
Armstrong, RA 2009,Relationship between the microcirculation and the pathological changes in the spradic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). in R Thompson (ed.),Microcirculation: Function, Malfunction and Measurement.Nova science, New York (US), pp. 79-94.
Armstrong, RA 2009,Relationship between the microcirculation and the pathological changes in the sporadic and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). inMicrocirculation: Function, Malfunction and Measurement.Nova Science Publishers Inc, pp. 79-94.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Statnote 16: fitting a regression line to data' , pp. 40-42,Microbiologist, 2009.
Armstrong, RA, Ironside, JW, Lantos, PL & Cairns, NJ 2009, 'A quantitative study of the pathological changes in the cerebellum in 15 cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD)' Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 36-45. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.00979.x
Armstrong, RA 2009,A quantitative study of the pathological changes in the cortical white matter in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). in TB Westland & RN Calton (eds),Handbook on White Matter: Structure, Function and Changes.Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge, Nova science, pp. 133-146.
Armstrong, RA, Lantos, PL & Cairns, NJ 2009, 'Hippocampal pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): a quantitative study of 8 cases' Clinical Neuropathology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 46-53.
Armstrong, RA & Eperjesi, F 2009, 'Data methods in optometry Part 9: experimental design and analysis of variance' Optometry Today, vol. 2009, no. January, pp. 48-52.
Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Pathological changes in the sporadic and variant forms Of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) are spatially related to blood vessels' Brain Research Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 149-162.
Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Monthly fluctuations in radial growth of individual lobes of the lichen Parmelia conspersa (Erhr. ex Ach.) Ach.' Symbiosis, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 9-15.
Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Alzheimer’s disease and the eye' Journal of Optometry, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 102-111. DOI:10.3921/joptom.2009.103
Armstrong, RA 2009, 'Spatial correlations between the vacuolation, prion protein (PrP^sc) deposits and the cerebral blood vessels in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease' Current Neurovascular Research, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 239-245. DOI:10.2174/156720209789630339
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'The genetics of primary congenital glaucoma' Optometry Today, vol. 2008, no. December, pp. 40-43.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Statnote 15: the non-parametric correlation coefficients' , pp. 41-43,Microbiologist, 2008.
Armstrong, RA 2008,Spatial correlations between beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposits and blood vessels in early-onset Alzheimer' s disease. in H-S Jeong (ed.),Alzheimer' s Disease in the Middle-Aged.Nova science, pp. 137-153.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Statnote 14: the correlation of two variables (Pearson' s ' r' )' , pp. 34-36,Microbiologist, 2008.
Armstrong, RA, Lantos, PL & Cairns, NJ 2008, 'What determines the molecular composition of abnormal protein aggregates in neurodegenerative disease?' Neuropathology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 351-65. DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00916.x
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'The interface between Alzheimer' s disease, normal aging, and related disorders' Current Aging Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 122-132.
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Lichen competition: two-dimensional warfare in slow motion' , pp. 27-31,Microbiologist, 2008.
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Statnote 13: a more complex analysis of variance incorporating a ' repeated measures' factor' , pp. 37-39,Microbiologist, 2008.
Heitmar, R , Gherghel, D , Armstrong, RA , Cubbidge, RP & Hosking, S 2008, 'The effect of voluntary fasting and dehydration on flicker-induced retinal vascular dilation in a healthy individual: a case report' Journal of Medical Case Reports, vol. 2, no. 153, 153, pp. 1-7. DOI:10.1186/1752-1947-2-153
Hilton, A & Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Statnote 12: the split-plot analysis of variance' , pp. 38-39,Microbiologist, 2008.
Gherghel, D, Hosking, SL, Cunliffe, IA & Armstrong, RA 2008, 'First-line therapy with latanoprost 0.005% results in improved ocular circulation in newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma patients: a prospective, 6-month, open-label study' Eye, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 363-369. DOI:10.1038/sj.eye.6702639
Armstrong, RA & Eperjesi, F 2008, 'Data analysis methods in optometry Part 8: Principal components analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA)' Optometry Today, vol. 2008, no. March, pp. 40-44.
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Visual signs and symptoms of Parkinson' s disease' Clinical and Experimental Optometry, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 129-38. DOI:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00211.x
Armstrong, RA, Syed, AB & Smith, CUM 2008, 'Density and cross-sectional areas of axons in the olfactory tract in control subjects and Alzheimer' s disease: an image analysis study' Neurological Sciences, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 23-27. DOI:10.1007/s10072-008-0854-0
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Spatial correlations between ß-amyloid (Aß) deposits and blood vessels in familial Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 241-248.
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'The spatial patterns of beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in late-onset sporadic Alzheimer' s disease' Alzheimer' s Disease Research Journal, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 267-278.
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Spatial correlations between beta-amyloid (A beta) deposits and blood vessels in familial Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 241-248.
Armstrong, RA 2008, 'Clustering and periodicity of neurofibrillary tangles in the upper and lower cortical laminae in Alzheimer' s disease' Folia Neuropathologica, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 26-31.

Dr Richard Armstrong

Lecturer

Lecturer on the Undergraduate Optometry Programme

Research Group

Research Centre

Career History

Teaching Responsibilities

Research Interests

Recent publications